{"id":6054,"date":"2020-06-14T05:54:33","date_gmt":"2020-06-14T05:54:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/?page_id=6054"},"modified":"2020-07-31T12:47:48","modified_gmt":"2020-07-31T12:47:48","slug":"governance-system-spain","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/governance-system-spain\/","title":{"rendered":"GOVERNANCE SYSTEM &#8211; Spain"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6054\" class=\"elementor elementor-6054\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-11fd49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"11fd49a\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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class=\"ekit-menu-nav-link\">Immigration Policy<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-6123\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6123 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/services-institutions-spain\/\" class=\"ekit-menu-nav-link\">Services \u2013 Institutions<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementskit-nav-identity-panel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementskit-site-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementskit-nav-logo\" href=\"http:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"\" alt=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"elementskit-menu-close elementskit-menu-toggler\" type=\"button\">X<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-601aeca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"601aeca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f9ddb2c\" data-id=\"f9ddb2c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bac3a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-5807 elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9bac3a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4708cc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4708cc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">SPAIN<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a018169 elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-5807 elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a018169\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6c00c47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6c00c47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2e57a85\" data-id=\"2e57a85\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3babf0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3babf0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46baf5d\" data-id=\"46baf5d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28e1adb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"28e1adb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center\">GOVERNANCE SYSTEM<span style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/span><\/p><\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d1e068 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d1e068\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">*The full text of this article is available as PDF below<span lang=\"BG\">.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8f82f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8f82f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\"><h3><strong>Country\u2019s political system<\/strong><\/h3><p>The political system: kingdom of Spain, democratic parliament<\/p><p>The Constitution: Spanish constitution since 1978<\/p><p>The government: parliamentary democratic government.<\/p><p>Division of the country: (local authorities, regional\u00a0 &#8211; municipal governance etc.): the country is divided in autonomous communities with some transferred competences, from the central government: there are 17 autonomous communities: Andalusia, Aragon, Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castile and Le\u00f3n, Community of Madrid, Community of Navarra, Valencian Community, Extremadura, Galicia, Basque Country, Principality of Asturias , Region of Murcia and La Rioja<strong>.<\/strong><\/p><h4><strong>Constitution<\/strong><\/h4><p>The Constitution: Spanish constitution since 1978<\/p><p><strong>The Spanish Constitution of 1978 is the supreme rule of the Spanish legal system, to which all the public authorities and citizens of Spain since its entry into force on December 29, 1978.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>The Constitution was ratified in a referendum on December 6, 1978 and was subsequently sanctioned and promulgated by King Juan Carlos I on December 27 and published in the Official Gazette of the State on December 29 of the same year. The promulgation of the Constitution involved the culmination of the so-called transition to democracy, which took place as a result of the death, on 20 November 1975, of the former head of state, dictator General Franco, precipitating a series of political and historical events that transformed the previous dictatorial regime into a &#8220;social and democratic state of law that advocates freedom, justice, equality and political pluralism as higher values&#8221; and as the first article of the Constitution proclaims. It also strengthens the principle of national sovereignty, which resides in the people, and establishes the parliamentary monarchy as a form of government. It also repeals in the Repeal Provision (in its last pages), the Fundamental Laws of the Kingdom, adopted in 1938 and amended on multiple occasions, the last of which in 1977 precisely to make way for democracy.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish Nation, the common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards, and establishes a territorial organization based on the autonomy of municipalities, provinces and autonomous communities,8 governing among them the principle of solidarity. After the process of formation of the State of The Autonomy, the autonomous communities enjoy a autonomy of a political nature that shapes Spain as an autonomous State. Local entities, such as municipalities and provinces, enjoy administrative autonomy, and their institutions act in accordance with opportunity criteria within the legal framework established by the State and autonomous communities. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>The king is the head of state, symbol of his unity and permanence, arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions, assumes the highest representation of the Spanish state in international relations, especially with the nations of his community and exercises the functions expressly attributed to it by the Constitution and the laws. Their actions are of a regulated nature, the validity of which depends on the endorser of the <\/strong><strong>competent authority, which is the President of the Government, the President of the Congress of Deputies, or a Minister.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>The constitutional text establishes the separation of functions (not to be confused with the separation of powers, the fundamental idea of liberal thought). At the base, national sovereignty allows the election, by universal suffrage (men and women, over the age of 18), of the representatives of the sovereign people in the General Courts, configured as an asymmetrical bicameralism, composed of the Congress of the Deputies and the Senate. Both chambers share the legislative power, although there is a preponderance of the Congress of Deputies, which is also solely responsible for the inauguration of the President of the Government and for his eventual cessation by motion of censure or question of trust. However, both Congress and the Senate exercise a task of political control over the Government through parliamentary questions and appeals. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>The Government, whose president is endowed by the Congress of Deputies, heads the executive branch, including the public administration. The members of the Government are appointed by the President and, together with him, are the Council of Ministers, a collegiate body that occupies the cusp of the executive branch. The Government is jointly and severally responsible for its political action before the Congress of Deputies, which, if necessary, can dismiss it in bulk by a motion of censure. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>The judiciary rests with the judges and courts of justice, and the General Council of the Judiciary is its highest governing body. The Constitutional Court controls that the laws and actions of the public administration conform to the supreme rule.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>State\u2019s symbols \u2013 emblems &#8211; national anthem <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>The Flag of Spain:<\/strong><\/p><p><strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6066 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1200px-Flag_of_Spain.svg_-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1200px-Flag_of_Spain.svg_-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1200px-Flag_of_Spain.svg_-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1200px-Flag_of_Spain.svg_-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1200px-Flag_of_Spain.svg_.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/strong><\/p><p><strong>The flags of the autonomous communities:<\/strong><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6065 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/hEE3Z2SFm4lLtzf_OKldW9RGQYU53MXIaTvVY7fAGTk-1024x667.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/hEE3Z2SFm4lLtzf_OKldW9RGQYU53MXIaTvVY7fAGTk-1024x667.png 1024w, https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/hEE3Z2SFm4lLtzf_OKldW9RGQYU53MXIaTvVY7fAGTk-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/hEE3Z2SFm4lLtzf_OKldW9RGQYU53MXIaTvVY7fAGTk-768x500.png 768w, https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/hEE3Z2SFm4lLtzf_OKldW9RGQYU53MXIaTvVY7fAGTk-1536x1000.png 1536w, https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/hEE3Z2SFm4lLtzf_OKldW9RGQYU53MXIaTvVY7fAGTk.png 1822w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><h4><strong>THE NATIONAL FLAG OF SPAIN<\/strong><\/h4><p>The flag of Spain is formed by three horizontal stripes, red, yellow and red, the yellow one being double width than each of the red ones. The flag was adopted as a national flag in 1785 and has been the national flag since then, except for the years of the Second Spanish Republic. Its current design was adopted on October 5, 1981 when the law that includes the national shield on the flag was passed. The Constitution of 1978 specified in its article 4.1: The flag of Spain is formed by three horizontal stripes, red, yellow and red, being the yellow one of double width that each one of the red ones. Article 4.1 of the Spanish Constitution. Its traditional and more widespread denomination is reticulata. Its use is regulated by Law 39\/1981, of October 28.<\/p><p>shield October 1981, Law 39\/1981 on the use of the flag of Spain and other flags and teachings, says in its article 2.2: &#8220;In the yellow stripe it may be incorporated, in the form of bending it folded as prescribed by regulation, the shield of Spain &#8220;.It should be taken into account that there is no constitutional shield, but a constitutional flag, which is the flag without a shield, since the Shield of Spain does not appear in the Constitution, but in a later law. The shield of Spain is regulated by law 33\/1981, of October 5, 2 and by Royal Decree 2964\/1981, of December 18, which also specifies the position of the shield on the flag. According to the regulations set forth above, the flag of Spain will have the following characteristics: The flag is formed by three horizontal stripes, red, yellow and red, the yellow one being double width than each of the red ones. This provision is known as the Spanish strip. The flag may incorporate the shield of Spain, but its incorporation is only mandatory in the cases provided by regulation. The shield will have a height of two fifths of the width of the flag and will appear on both sides of the flag in the center of the yellow stripe. When the flag has the normal proportion, of length equal to 3\/2 of the width, the axis of the shield will be placed at a distance of the half-width sheath of the flag. If the length is less than normal or the flag is square, the shield will be placed in the center of the flag. Colours The colours of the flag of Spain, as they have been specified in Royal Decree 441\/1981, of February 27, 4 by which the colours of the Flag of Spain are technically specified, in accordance with the reports prepared by the Military Standardization Service, in collaboration with the Institute for Rationalization and Standardization (IRANOR),<\/p><p>History It is possible to consider that the vexilos (word origin of the term vexilology) used by the Roman legionaries, during the dominance of the Iberian peninsula by Rome, were the first insignia used in Roman Hispania. The Visigoths continued to use this kind of rigid banners with some kind of cloth; but it was not until the Islamic invasion when what we now know as &#8220;flags&#8221; began to be used, since the use of light fabrics in banners, such as silk, had its origin in the East, with Muslims and Crusaders being first to implement its use in Europe. The flags became scripts and banners representative of kings and lords (specifically, of their lineages or royal houses), rather than of territories or nations, as the national teachings are used today. The earliest currencies assimilable to original \u201cnational\u201d flags of Spain are the models that were used as torrotitos, pavilions and flags of the Earth in the 16th century, after the marriage of Juana I of Castile (daughter of the Catholic Monarchs) with the Austrian archduke Felipe \u00abthe Beautiful\u00bb. A common element was then introduced in the Spanish flags of the time: the cross of Burgundy, which, although undergoing slight variations with each king (as in the case of Philip II, who ordered that the white cloth where the cross was placed be changed to yellow colour), it became the quintessence symbol par excellence of Spain. With the advent of Bourbon&#8217;s house with Felipe V, the previous design was replaced by another: real weapons on white cloth. The white (own of the Bourbons), was also the cloth used in the eighteenth century by the different Bourbon branches that reigned in France, Naples, Tuscany, Parma or Sicily, in addition to Spain, so Carlos III decided to change the national pavilion from Spain to differentiate better from those of these other nations.<\/p><p>This is how the current national flag design emerged with the Royal Decree of May 28, 1785, whereby Carlos III resolves the realization of a contest called to adopt a new Navy pavilion, choosing two designs: one for ships of war and another for merchants, among the twelve proposals presented by Antonio Vald\u00e9s and Fern\u00e1ndez Baz\u00e1n, at that time Secretary of State and the Universal Marine Office (Minister of the Navy).<\/p><p>Reproduction of the flags chosen by Carlos III in 1785 as war and civil pavilions, and pennant<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6063 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/disenos-espanola-escogidos-Carlos-III_1290181717_89991399_667x375.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"667\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/disenos-espanola-escogidos-Carlos-III_1290181717_89991399_667x375.jpg 667w, https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/disenos-espanola-escogidos-Carlos-III_1290181717_89991399_667x375-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/><\/p><p>The First Spanish Republic, installed in 1873, did not alter the colours of the flag, but all the royal symbols of the monarchy were removed from the shields.<\/p><p>Although the use of the red-purple \u00a0became widespread during the remainder of the century, it was not until 1908 (Royal decree providing that in the days of the national holiday the Spanish flag flies in all public buildings, spreading hangings and illuminations, Gaceta de Madrid, number 26, of January 26), which established the obligation to fly in all public buildings on national holidays.9 By Royal Decree of July 19, 1927, during the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, it was arranged that the merchant navy would use the same flag as that of war but without a shield, and abolished the five-stripe civil pavilion.<\/p><p>This red-purple design is preserved to this day, although there have been constant variations of the shield. Only the proclamation of the Second Republic in 1931, during which the tricolor10 flag of horizontal strips of equal size between them was used, replacing red with purple in the lower strip, constituted a parenthesis in its use. After the Civil War, he returned to the bicolour flag, but with the new shield model, the 1938 model (approved on February 11, 1938). Subsequently, the shield was changed twice more, with the models of 1945 (approved on October 11, 1945), and 1977 (approved on January 21, 1977), until the current 1981 model.<\/p><h4>USE IN LAND OF THE FLAG:<\/h4><p>Land use The Eagle Patrol draws the Spanish flag during an air show. Flag of Spain in the Plaza de Col\u00f3n in Madrid. In 1793 it was ordered that this pavilion, used until then only on warships with the shield reduced to two barracks, would also fly in the ports and forts of the Navy and coastlines guarded by the Army. The red-purple flag began to be used in army camps and border fortifications during the war against the Convention, although being an Army flag the shield is represented in the barracks of Castilla y Le\u00f3n on the colours of the naval pavilion. As of 1808, given the explosion of patriotic sentiment during the war of Independence, the colours red and red-purple were used by the people and for flags to engage volunteers, and were formalized as colours of the Cortes of C\u00e1diz and the national militia. Finally, in 1843, the decree of October 13 exposes the need to suppress the differences between the national pavilion and the individuals of the bodies of the Army of Earth, and orders the unification of all the flags and banners<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6061 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/800px-Bandera_Nacional_de_Espa\u00f1a_Pl._Col\u00f3n_Madrid_01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/800px-Bandera_Nacional_de_Espa\u00f1a_Pl._Col\u00f3n_Madrid_01.jpg 800w, https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/800px-Bandera_Nacional_de_Espa\u00f1a_Pl._Col\u00f3n_Madrid_01-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/800px-Bandera_Nacional_de_Espa\u00f1a_Pl._Col\u00f3n_Madrid_01-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><p>REFERENCES<\/p><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1981-26082\">\u00abLey 39\/1981, de 28 de octubre, por la que se regula el uso de la bandera de Espa\u00f1a y el de otras banderas y ense\u00f1as\u00bb<\/a>. BOE. 12 de noviembre de 1981.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a#cite_ref-2\">\u2191<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1981-24155\">\u00abLey 33\/1981 del Escudo de Espa\u00f1a\u00bb<\/a>. BOE. 19 de octubre de 1981.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a#cite_ref-3\">\u2191<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1981-29376\">\u00abReal Decreto 2964\/1981 por el que se hace p\u00fablico el modelo oficial del Escudo de Espa\u00f1a\u00bb<\/a>. BOE. 19 de diciembre de 1981.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a#cite_ref-4\">\u2191<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/eli\/es\/rd\/1981\/02\/27\/441\">Real Decreto 441\/1981, de 27 de febrero, por el que se especifican t\u00e9cnicamente los colores de la Bandera de Espa\u00f1a<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.armada.mde.es\/ArmadaPortal\/page\/Portal\/ArmadaEspannola\/conocenos_historia\/03_bandera_armada--06_carlos_iii\">La Bandera en la Armada durante el reinado de Carlos III<\/a>, web oficial de la Armada Espa\u00f1ola<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a#cite_ref-6\">\u2191<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.revistatenea.es\/RevistaAtenea\/REVISTA\/WebA\/PortadaRevistaNumeroActual.asp?Edicion=10&amp;nrev=S\">El triple camino de la bandera nacional Revista Atenea n\u00famero 10, p\u00e1gina 74, Antonio Manzano<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131111233014\/http:\/www.revistatenea.es\/RevistaAtenea\/REVISTA\/WebA\/PortadaRevistaNumeroActual.asp?Edicion=10&amp;nrev=S\">Archivado<\/a> el 11 de noviembre de 2013 en la <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>. cita: <em>&#8220;al ser una bandera del Ej\u00e9rcito, el escudo real se representa en &#8220;cuartelado&#8221;&#8221;<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131111233014\/http:\/www.revistatenea.es\/RevistaAtenea\/REVISTA\/WebA\/PortadaRevistaNumeroActual.asp?Edicion=10&amp;nrev=S\">\u00abEl triple camino de la bandera nacional Revista Atenea n\u00famero 10, p\u00e1gina 72, Antonio Manzano\u00bb<\/a>. Archivado desde <a href=\"http:\/\/www.revistatenea.es\/RevistaAtenea\/REVISTA\/WebA\/PortadaRevistaNumeroActual.asp?Edicion=10&amp;nrev=S\">el original<\/a> el 11 de noviembre de 2013. Consultado el 7 de mayo de 2013.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a#cite_ref-8\">\u2191<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/datos\/pdfs\/BOE\/1843\/3313\/A00001-00001.pdf\">\u00abDecreto de 13 de Octubre de 1843\u00bb<\/a>.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a> \u00c1lvarez Junco, Jos\u00e9 (2009). \u00abLa crisis de penetraci\u00f3n del Estado\u00bb. <em>Mater dolorosa: la idea de Espa\u00f1a en el siglo XIX<\/em> (11\u00aa edici\u00f3n). Madrid: Taurus. pp.\u00a0553-554. <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN\">ISBN<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Especial:FuentesDeLibros\/9788430604418\">9788430604418<\/a>.\u00a0<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a#cite_ref-10\">\u2191<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heraldicahispanica.com\/republica.htm\">Decreto del 27 de abril de 1931, por el que se adopta como Bandera Nacional la bandera tricolor.<\/a><\/li><\/ol><h4><strong>The National Anthem <\/strong><\/h4><p>Royal march (Marcha Real) is the traditional denomination, together with that of Mar Granaderanota or formerly, Marcha de Granaderos\u2014, which receives the national anthem of Spain. Although King Carlos III declared it the March of Honor on September 3, 1770, it was the popular custom that made it de facto national anthem, before it was legally declared. The designation of the Royal March was an expression popularly coined, because it used to be interpreted in public events attended by the king or queen.<\/p><p>The Royal March has been the anthem of Spain since the eighteenth century, with the exception of the Liberal Triennium (1820-1823), the First Republic (1873-1874), when it enjoyed co-officiality, and the Second Republic (1931-1939), in whose periods the Hymn of Irrigation was adopted. Its official status was restored during the civil war in the national zone, in a decree of February 27, 1937, ratified in the Official State Gazette after the end of the contest, on July 17, 1942. The most precise regulation was made in Royal Decree 1560 \/ 1997.3 of October 10, 1997, year of the full acquisition of the copyright of the harmonization made by Bartolom\u00e9 P\u00e9rez Casas, and reviewed by Colonel Grau, band director of the Royal Guard , who freely assigned his rights.<\/p><h3>HISTORY<\/h3><h3><strong>Government <\/strong><\/h3><p>The Government of Spain, also called the Government of the Nation, is the constitutional body that heads the executive branch of the Kingdom of Spain and directs the General State Administration. He is responsible for directing domestic and foreign policy, civil and military administration and the defense of the State; as well as exercising executive function and regulatory power in accordance with the Constitution and laws. The Government depends politically on the Congress of Deputies through the investiture or censorship of its president, in accordance with the parliamentary system established by the 1978 Constitution. Likewise, the Government is accountable to Parliament. Its fundamental regulation is located in Title IV of the Constitution, as well as in Title V of said document &#8211; regarding its relationship with the General Courts &#8211; and in Law 50\/1997, of November 27, on the Government. Currently, the Government of Spain is chaired by Pedro S\u00e1nchez P\u00e9rez-Castej\u00f3n, who took office on June 2, 2018 after the adoption of a motion of censure. He revalidated his position for the second time on January 8, 2020.<\/p><p>According to article 98 of the Spanish Constitution and article 1.2 of the Government Law, the Government of Spain is composed of: The president of the Government. The vice president or vice presidents, if they exist. Its existence is optional and not mandatory. Their functions are those entrusted to them by the president and replace him in his absence or unavailability. The ministers. The appointment and removal is made by the king at the proposal of the President of the Government. Their functions are those of the departmental scope of their ministries. Other members There is the possibility of incorporating other figures in the government by law. However, the Government Law currently in force expressly prohibits this option, constitutionally permitted. Requirements According to article 11 of the Government Law, \u00abto be a member of the Government, you must be Spanish, of legal age, enjoy the rights of active and passive suffrage, as well as not be disabled to exercise employment or public office by sentence judicial firm \u00bb.Criminal jurisdiction The members of the Government enjoy their own criminal procedural jurisdiction, so that they must be judged by the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The initiation of a case for treason or against the security of the State may only respond to the initiative of a quarter of the Congress of Deputies, approved by the absolute majority thereof, and pardon cannot be granted in such cases.<\/p><p>Organization The members of the Government meet in the Council of Ministers and in Delegated Commissions of the Government. Various government collaboration and support bodies are also contemplated in Chapter II of Title I of the Government Law, specifically the Secretaries of State, the General Commission of State Secretaries and Undersecretaries, the Government Secretariat and the Cabinets. Minister council Main article: Council of Ministers of Spain The Council of Ministers is the plenary collegiate body of the Government. It brings together all the members of the Government (president, ministers, and if there are, vice-presidents and ministers without portfolio), the Secretaries of State can be summoned. Given its composition, the Council of Ministers usually identifies itself with the Government itself, also displaying a dual nature (link) as a government body and as an administrative body. The latter has led constitutional jurisprudence to support the theory of the &#8220;act of government&#8221; (governed by political opportunity), against the &#8220;administrative act&#8221; (which, although it may be discretionary, is judicialize).Government Delegated Commissions Main article: Government Delegate Committee The Government Delegated Committees are small collegiate bodies, which are created and suppressed by Royal Decree of the Council of Ministers, at the proposal of the President of the Government. Said Royal Decree shall include the members of the Government that make up the Delegated Committee (including Secretaries of State), appointing a president and a secretary, and determining the functions to be performed by the body. They will have to prepare the proposals to be made in the Council of Ministers, when they require the joint intervention of several Ministries. They also have among their functions to resolve matters, which despite affecting several Ministries, do not require the intervention of all of them, thus decongesting the work of the Council of Ministers. Finally, they will be in charge of coordinating the joint action of the Ministries that integrate it, as well as examining the general issues related to several of their Ministerial Departments. The regulation of the organ is placed in the Government Law, requiring for its modification, creation and deletion a Royal Decree of the Council of Ministers at the proposal of the President of the Government. The chairmanship of any Delegate Committee rests with the President of the Government or its vice-presidents. Exceptionally, he has been included as a member of a Government Delegate Committee to a high sectoral position. At the end of the IX Legislature, the Government Delegated Commissions would be: National Security Council Government Delegate Commission for Economic Affairs Government Delegate Commission for Autonomous Policy Government Delegate Commission for Scientific and Technological Policy Government Delegate Commission for Immigration Policy Government Delegate Commission for Climate Change Government Delegate Committee for Equality Policy Government Delegate Commission for Development Cooperation President of the government Main article: President of the Government of Spain This is the magistracy with the highest effective political power of the State. He is the most important member of the Government and is also responsible for proposing to the head of state freely the appointment and removal of ministers and vice-presidents. The confidence of the Congress of Deputies of Spain is granted to him personally, thus having a general and absolute authority within the Executive. Article 98.2 of the 1978 Constitution states that the President of the Government &#8220;directs the action of the Government and coordinates the functions of the other members thereof, without prejudice to their competence and direct responsibility in their management.&#8221; Together with a wide range of functions of a constitutional nature, its task for the Public Administration is listed in Article 2 of the Government Law (LGob), which mandates the organic and functional determination of the Government, its representation and of its policy, and the direction and coordination of the members of the Government team. Thus,<\/p><p>\u00a0in relation to the organic and functional structuring of the Government, the president, as dictated by article 2.2.j LGob, will be in charge of \u00abcreating, modifying and suppressing, by Royal Decree, the Ministerial Departments, as well as the secretariats of State &#8220;. It also decides which people will occupy the ministries and vice-presidencies, which will be formally appointed by the King on the proposal of the president. It should be noted that it is a&#8221; regulated act &#8220;\u00bb, in terms of the constitutional impossibility of the monarch to oppose or modify such proposal, being completely linked to the will expressed by the President of the Government.<\/p><p>Spain is divided into autonomous communities<\/p><p>Division of the country: (local authorities, regional\u00a0 &#8211; municipal governance etc.): the country is divided in autonomous communities with some transferred competences, from the central government: there are 17 autonomous communities: Andalusia, Aragon, Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castile and Le\u00f3n, Community of Madrid, Community of Navarra, Valencian Community, Extremadura, Galicia, Basque Country, Principality of Asturias , Region of Murcia and La Rioja.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7a6143c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7a6143c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9ec8c1\" data-id=\"e9ec8c1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66061be elementor-button-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"66061be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/3_GOVERNANCE-SPAIN.pdf\" class=\"elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" role=\"button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon elementor-align-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-document\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">MORE INFO<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Country at a glance Language Governance system Geographical \u2013 Demographic information Education \u2013 Health \u2013 Labour Culture \u2013 Tradition \u2013 Dietary Habits Employment Entrepreneurship Immigration Policy Services \u2013 Institutions X SPAIN GOVERNANCE SYSTEM *The full text of this article is available as PDF below. Country\u2019s political system The political system: kingdom of Spain, democratic parliament [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6054"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6054"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6054\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6611,"href":"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6054\/revisions\/6611"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ivet-design.com\/educate-platform\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6054"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}